SS306
January 19, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. After the Civil War was over, which was
fought to prevent the southern states from leaving the Union, what two
conditions were placed upon the states before they could be readmitted to the
2. In 1866 Congress passed the Civil Rights act,
which gave all citizens the right to vote.
Did President Johnson support or oppose this legislation?
3. What was the name given to the members of
Congress who wanted to try the leaders of the Confederacy for treason and hang
them?
4. The significance of the Dred Scott case was
that the federal government denied the personhood of blacks, saying he had no
standing to bring suit in court. What
amendment to the Constitution changed that?
5. Who was elected president in 1868 and what
party was he from?
6. In 1872 U.S. Grant was elected and passed a
law pardoning all former confederates and restoring to them the right to vote
and hold office. Which political party
did southern whites overwhelmingly support?
7. What happened at
8. What year was
9. What happened in
10. Name five important inventions that were
created during the period 1865-1903.
Bonus: What
year was the first successful trans-Atlantic cable laid?
SS306
January 24, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. T or F President Andrew Johnson was the first
president to be impeached and removed from office.
2. To what do the terms “Seward’s Folly” and
“Seward’s Icebox” refer?
3. T or F The ratification of the 15th
amendment in 1869 brought the right to vote to emancipated slaves in the south
for the first time.
4. What event marked the end of the pioneer era?
5. What year was the beginning of the pioneer
era?
6-8. On October 6, 1890
President Wilford Woodruff issued what has since come to be called “the
manifesto” denouncing the practice of plural marriage among members of the
Church. This was a direct result of
passage of numerous laws, culminating with the Edmunds-Tucker act of 1887 that
were intended to destroy the Mormon Church as an institution. What provisions of the Constitution were the
bases for the Church’s position on the constitutionality of this legislation?
9. What was the effect of the Edmunds-Tucker act on Utah Mormons who had any type of government employment?
10. Was the decision by President Wilford
Woodruff to discontinue the practice of plural marriage the result of political
and legal pressure or of revelation from the Lord?
SS306
January 26, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What is the meaning of digress?
2. How is egalitarianism in conflict with
nature?
3. Which of the following ideologies are
consistent with communism?
I. Everyone is entitled to free
education
II. All incomes should be equal
III. People should be free
IV. What is yours is mine
a. I and II
b. I, II and III
c. I, II, III and IV
d. I, II and IV
4. Define proletariat and bourgeois.
5. What is ironic about placing “In God We
Trust” on money?
6. Why wasn’t Jefferson Davis ever put on trial
for treason after the Civil War?
7. James Garfield was the second
8. What law was passed as a result of
9. What business forms was the Sherman
Anti-trust act designed to eliminate?
10. In what country is the
SS306
January 31, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Why did the
2. Besides Puerto
Rico and Guam what other island nation became
3. Who was the
president of the
4. What method does the Communist Manifesto advocate for changing existing governments into communism?
5. What is procedure by which
6. Why did
7. Why didn’t
9. What was the most
remarkable aspect of the success of the
10. How long did it
take to build the
Bonus: What is the total mid-tide lift of the
SS306
February 2, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. The Progressive Era is noted for political reforms such as are defined below. Name the term that matches these definitions:
a. voters can end an elected official’s term early: _______________
b. voters can choose who will be candidates in an election: ________________
c. voters can pass a law without legislative approval: ____________________
2. What has the period from about 1875 to 1913 come to be called?
3. In 1890 the
4. What was the effect of industrialization upon the living standards of Americans, including the poor?
5. What argument did President Roosevelt make for federal intervention in business regulation?
6. What was the term given to President Roosevelt as a result of his efforts to break up large business conglomerates?
T_ _ _ _ B_ _ _ _ _
7. During the administration of Teddy Roosevelt, how did the balance of constitutional power shift between the legislative and executive branches?
8. Teddy Roosevelt is remembered as one of the first environmentally sensitive presidents because he established millions of acres in national parks, forests, wildlife and bird refuges, in order to combat the problems of soil erosion, species extinction, over-harvesting of timber and unsound mining practices. How could these problems have been solved without government regulation?
9. What was the new
interpretation of constitutional limitation on executive power
Bonus: What is the
device
SS306
February 7, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What effect does the 16th amendment have upon the 4th amendment?
2. If the congressman who sponsored the 16th amendment was opposed to it, why did he propose it?
3. When Woodrow
4. What were the arguments that proponents of the 16th amendment used to gain support for such a radical change from the founder’s formula for government financing?
5. How high did marginal income tax rates eventually get?
6. What time of year was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 passed?
7. Why did the large
international bankers in
8. How did the American people believe a central bank would help them?
9. Is the Federal
Reserve Bank of the
10. What Constitutional power of Congress did Congress give to the Federal Reserve which it (Congress) now has no power over whatsoever? (Unless it were to repeal the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which it does have power to do.)
Bonus: Who suggested the implementation of a payroll withholding tax as a means to collect income taxes throughout the year?
SS306
February 9, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Why did 2/3 of the state legislatures support convening a constitutional convention in 1912?
2. How did the 17th
amendment radically change the nature of the legislature of the
3. T or F During the
latter years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th
century immigrants came to the
4. Give an example of
how the
5. Who was the British First Lord of the Admiralty in 1914 that believed the sinking of American freight and passenger ships by German submarines was good?
6. What was Woodrow Wilson’s campaign slogan for his re-election campaign in 1916?
7. As a result of the
President’s call to “make the world safe for democracy” how many of the 10 million
young men in the age group of 18-30 in
a. 40 % (4 million) b. 10% (1 million) c. 1% (100,000) d. <1%
8. Which of the following sectors of the economy did the government deem it necessary to control during the war?
a. food production and distribution
b. transportation
c. housing production and rent levels
d. labor markets and wages
e. all of
the above
9. Give an example of
how government power in
10. What was the total number of civilian and military deaths in World War I?
Bonus: What did the German government tell passengers on the
SS306
February 14, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. When war broke out
in Europe in August of 1914, what was the popular sentiment in the
2. What event is remembered as the “igniting spark” that began World War I?
3. In his farewell address George Washington
warned the nation against “entangling alliances” with the nations of
4. Name three nations included in the Central Powers of World War I.
5. Name three nations included in the Triple Entente during World War I.
6. What was the
proposal that
7. How many Americans
had become members of the military 18 months after
8. What happened in November 1917 that took
9. What is trench warfare?
10. WWI saw the development of many new battle technologies including:
a. tanks
b. airplanes
c. chemicals
d. submarines
e. all of the above
Bonus: Where is “no man’s land” located?
SS306
February 16, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Which of the following reasons would best explain the sudden reversal of President Wilson’s attitude toward American involvement in World War I?
a. The Zimmerman Note
b. The German announcement that they would attack all shipping
c. The Russian Revolution
d. Money
2. T or F The senate investigation on corporate profits during the war years found that most American companies were patriotic and supported the war effort by selling their products at very low prices.
3. From the account of Smedley Butler we learned that the military bought enough boots for every soldier and sailor to receive 8 pairs. How many pairs did he actually receive?
4. What did Smedley Butler say the hundreds of thousands of saddles that the military purchased during the war were used for?
5. Of the $1 billion investment in airplane engines made by the military during World War I, how much found its way into military service?
6. According to Smedley Butler, what group of people paid the greatest cost of the war?
7. What was the name of the treaty that officially ended WWI in May of 1919?
8. Which of the following was not a feature of the treaty?
I.
II.
III. Germany was only allowed to keep a small portion of its colonies
IV. Germany was forbidden to print money
a. I and IV
b. I and III
c. III and IV
d.
IV only
9. T or F When Germany finally surrendered they had been invaded and conquered in their own country.
10. T or F The League of
Nations was formed after WWI and the
SS306
February 21, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What event in world history has resulted in greater loss of human life than the worldwide influenza pandemic of 1918-1919?
2. T or F The flu pandemic ended as suddenly as it began, but it was not because medical science figured out how to prevent it.
3. Who were the main proponents of the 18th amendment?
4. What was the effect of the 18th amendment on the economy?
5. How long did the
6. T or F Prohibition
successfully and substantially reduced alcohol consumption in the
7. Who were the main proponents of the 19th amendment?
8. What is the meaning of the word suffrage?
9. Today in
10.
Was the teacher accused of teaching evolution found guilty or not
guilty?
Bonus: Who became president after Woodrow
Wilson?
SS306
February 23, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. T
or F Economists agree that to qualify as a depression an economic downturn must
last longer than two calendar quarters.
2. T
or F One way to tell the difference between a recession and a depression is if
the contraction is 10% or more.
3. T or F During the depression almost everyone lost their job.
4. T or F During the depression those who had jobs were able to sustain their normal lifestyles.
5. T or F During the depression the Federal Reserve rescued the banks that were unable to repay depositors by sending them additional cash.
6. T
or F During the first three years of the Depression, total income declined
almost by half.
7.
What does it mean to buy stock on margin?
8. T
or F Herbert Hoover has a reputation for doing nothing to cure the Depression.
9. T
or F Herbert Hoover didn’t really do anything to try to end the Depression.
10.
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff increased taxes on most imported goods, in order
to support American businesses. What was
the actual result of the tariff?
Bonus:
How does the book value of a company differ from
the market value of the company’s stock?
SS306
February 28, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What organization is responsible for determining monetary policy?
2. What organization is responsible for determining fiscal policy?
3. Who was the economist that provided the rationale for the economic policies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency?
4. How did
5. Why did the depression cause many Americans to lose faith in the Constitution, free markets, and capitalism?
6. T or F President Hoover believed in laissez-faire economics so he undertook no major government intervention in the economy to correct the depression.
7. T or F During the
depression some people in
8. Name three
similarities between Roosevelt’s vision for
9. What is the name
of the government retirement program passed by
10. What problem is the Federal Reserve worried about when the economy is too good?
Bonus. Why was the New Deal referred to by some as “alphabet soup”?
SS306
March 2, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, man is the creator of the universe.
2. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, man is above all other forms of life in nature.
3. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, since man has evolved by natural processes it is fitting that some men are more fit to survive and prosper than others.
4. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, God has been proven to be incapable of hearing, understanding or answering prayers.
5. With regard to the “many varieties of sexual exploration” that individuals should be permitted to express and life-styles that might be pursued, what is the one great virtue that Humanists advocate?
6. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, the family, the schools, the government, and businesses should be run by majority rule of those people involved in them.
7. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, there should be a federal government comprised of all the current nations on the earth.
8. What was a main reason for the necessity of writing a revised Humanist Manifesto in 1973?
9. T or F According to Humanist doctrine, since man is a part of nature it is OK for man to continue to increase in numbers.
10. What oath did socialist Francis Bellamy write in 1892?
SS306 US History
March 7, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Who
rose to power in Germany in 1933 and what was his political ideology called?
2. Who
rose to power in Italy in 1922 and what was his political ideology called?
3. Who
rose to power in Japan in 1926 and what was his political ideology called?
4. Who
rose to power in England in 1937 and what was his political ideology called?
5. Who
rose to power in Russia in 1924 and what was his political ideology called?
6.
What is the term that describes U.S. foreign policy during the first F.
Roosevelt administration?
7.
Where was the first manifestation of Japanese expansionism?
8.
What country did Italy invade for the purpose of territorial expansion?
9.
Which of the following were causes of World War II that arose from the
Versailles treaty?
I. Germany’s exclusion from the Rhineland
II. Germany’s obligation to pay war reparations
III. restrictions on the size of Germany’s military
IV. worldwide depression which caused unemployment and business failures
a. I and II
b. I and III
c. I, II, and III
d. I, II, III and IV
10. What happened on September 1, 1939 that marked the beginning of World War II?
Bonus: What were the Italian and German titles taken by leaders of those countries in WWII?
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
March 14, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What countries assisted Francisco Franco in winning the civil war in Spain in 1939?
2. What countries guaranteed Poland protection from invasion by Germany?
3. What happened to Poland after Germans invaded it in the west and Russians in the East?
4. T or F The U.S. Department of Defense was incompetent to learn of the Japanese plan to attack Pearl Harbor before it happened. Therefore, it was a complete surprise to them.
5. T or F Prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a large majority of Americans would not support America entering another European war.
6. T or F Besides Pearl Harbor Japan attacked and captured U.S. and allied possessions in the South Pacific such as Guam, Wake Island, British Malaysia, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Thailand, The Philippines.
7. T or F China was our enemy in World War II.
8. What was the purpose of U.S. air bases in northern India?
9. Who was the leader of the Chinese democratic nationalists that settled in Taiwan after the War?
10. What was the reason for the special animosity the Chinese felt for Japanese soldiers in WWII?
Bonus: T or F It was a member of the American Naval Command who wrote a plan to provoke a Japanese attack on America in order to turn the tide of public opinion which would allow America to enter the war.
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
March 16, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Who replaced Chamberlain as prime minister of England in May, 1940?
2. What is Blitzkrieg?
3. How did Japan respond to the U.S. ultimatum of surrender in late July 1945?
4. What are the names of the two cities in Japan destroyed by atomic bombs?
5. How many people were killed in Japan by the two atomic bombs?
6. Was dropping the atom bombs on Japan the first time the U.S. used indiscriminate bombing of civilians during the war?
7. Besides Jews, what groups did Hitler target for extermination?
8. What leader of a nation killed more of his own citizens than Hitler did?
9. Why was the capture of Iwo Jima such an important victory for the Americans?
10. What is remembered about the German city of Dresden from World War II?
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
March 28, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What empire ruled India during the Second World War?
2. How did Gandhi succeed in liberating the nation of India without the use of military force?
3. Which of the following are principles Gandhi espoused?
I. punishment for those who abused him
II. fasting
III. truth
IV. eat meat sparingly
a. I and II
b. II and III
c. II, III, and IV
d. III only
4. What is the name of the boundary between North and South Korea?
5. What countries were allied with North Korea?
6. Why didn’t the U.S. Congress declare war on North Korea?
7. Which president of the U.S. was instrumental in negotiating a cease-fire in Korea?
8. Why was MacArthur relieved of command after so successfully pushing back the North Korean invasion?
9. Did the territorial claims of the North or South Koreans change as a result of the Korean War?
10. What event marked the beginning of the space race and when did it happen?
Bonus: What event marked the end of the space race
and when did it happen?
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
March 30, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Who led the 1959 communist revolution in Cuba?
2. Who was the youngest elected president of the United States?
3. T or F Nikita Khrushchev was the premier of the USSR in 1959.
4. Which president of the United States declared war on poverty?
5. T or F Since the US government declared war on poverty it has spent in excess of $7 trillion dollars, yet depending on the measure you use, poverty has either declined only slightly or actually increased.
6. Who was the only president in US history to resign from office?
7. T or F Kennedy was a democrat and Reagan was a republican but their approaches to managing the economy were remarkably similar.
8. Why was Kennedy’s election groundbreaking in terms of religion?
9. T or F The United States has never invaded a country with the intention of overthrowing its government.
10. T or F The Cuban people were very grateful to the United States for helping to overthrow their Communist government and did all they could to support the overthrow effort.
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
April 4, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Several important events in American history occurred in 1962. Which of the following did not happen in 1962?
a. The Cuban missile crisis
b. The Bay of Pigs invasion
c. Supreme court decision in Engel v. Vitale
d. First American in space orbit
2. How did President Kennedy become aware that Soviet missiles were being installed in Cuba?
3. What did Kennedy call the naval blockade that he placed on Cuba?
4. Against who did Kennedy promise retaliation in the event of a missile strike against the U.S. from Cuba?
5. What agreement between the US and USSR led to a withdrawal of the Soviet missiles from Cuba?
6. Which amendment to the US Constitution was interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean that the prohibitions in the bill of rights applied not only to the federal government but also to the state and local governments?
7. Who was Madeline Murray O’Hare?
8. What reasoning did Justice Hugo Black, in writing for the majority use to make prayer in school unconstitutional?
9. What event catapulted John Glenn to national fame in under 5 hours?
10. Why is Lee Harvey Oswald infamous?
Bonus: T or F Most people agree that the assassination of President Kennedy has been adequately investigated, understood, and resolved.
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
April 6, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. T or F The Constitution says there is “a wall of separation between church and state.”
2. T or F The Founders believed that religion was a necessary support for the successful operation of the Constitution of the United States.
3. T or F The Founders believed that teaching from the Bible in American schools would be an unconstitutional infringement on the freedom of religion.
4. The key difference in the 1962 Supreme Court application of the phrase “wall of separation between church and state” was
a. that the meaning of “establishment of religion” meant any religious activity, not a specific denomination
b. that all of Christianity should be considered as a single church
c. that non-Christian religions were not protected by it because they are not churches
d. that the first amendment also applied to state governments
5. T or F Since prayer has been outlawed in American schools there has been a statistically significant increase in test scores and a decrease in crime and immorality.
6. What was different about President Lyndon Johnson’s swearing in from all previous presidents?
7. Why was Johnson nicknamed “Landslide Lyndon”?
8. In 1964 Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to protect Americans in Vietnam, which became the legal basis for the Vietnam War. What was the name of the resolution?
9. During Johnson’s administration the number of Americans sent to fight in Vietnam increased to
a. 50,000
b. 100,000
c. 250,000
d. 350,000
10. T or F Johnson’s rise to the presidency was marked by unquestioned integrity.
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
April 11, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. When the Vietnam War started it was between
a. North Vietnam and Cambodia
b. North Vietnam and South Vietnam with France
c. South Vietnam and France
d. Vietnam and France
2. Whose side were the Viet Cong on?
a. North Vietnam b. South Vietnam c. France d. Cambodia
3. The Domino Theory states that
a. if you lose one war, you will lose the next one and the next one, etc.
b. you must be careful not to tip over one country because if you do another one will fall too.
c. If you allow the Communists to take over one country then they will take another and another until they take America too.
d. tiles with 10 dots cannot be placed next to tiles with some other number of dots
4. The major factors in diminishing public support for US involvement in Vietnam were
I. the draft
II. the steady flow of dead soldiers coming back to America
III. the high cost of the war
IV. xenophobia toward Asians
a. I and III b. II and III c. I and IV d. I, II, and III
5. T or F There are more unexploded bombs left in Vietnam than the total number of Vietnamese that were killed in the war between 1947 and 1975.
6. Who were “boat people”?
7. T or F We in the United States are still so angry about losing the Vietnam War that we don’t have anything to do with them to this day.
8. President Johnson modeled his domestic policies after this previous president:
a. Abraham Lincoln b. James Madison c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
9. T or F The underlying assumption of The Great Society was that government could solve every social problem.
10. The US Constitution provides authority for Congress to levy taxes for which of the following: (circle all correct answers)
a. cure diseases b. old people’s medical expenses c. beautification d. conservation e. end poverty
f. fly men to the moon or Mars g. urban renewal h. prevent juvenile delinquency i. education j. voting
American Heritage Academy
SS306 US History
April 13, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. T or F President Johnson’s plan to create “the great society” in America quickly resulted in a general improvement in the quality of life and happiness in America.
2. What happened at Kent State University that polarized opposition to the Vietnam war?
3. T or F Republicans generally talk about making smaller and less expensive government than democrats, but generally have spent more and made bigger government than democrats.
4. What was Nixon’s strategy for dealing with spiraling inflation?
5. What agreement did Nixon break that betrayed the trust of foreign nations in the US dollar?
6. Why is the pricing of oil in dollars important to the US economy?
7. Approximately how big is the US national debt?
8. Why did burglars break in to the Watergate hotel in July 1972?
9. What did the Supreme Court say about the limits of executive privilege in Nixon’s case?
10. T or F President Nixon was the first president of the U.S. to be impeached and removed from office.
Bonus: Who were the reporters that helped uncover and publicize the Watergate Scandal?
American Heritage Academy
SS306
April 18, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What does the acronym FOIA denote?
2. How was the War Powers Act a compromise of congressional authority?
3. Why was Roger Bannister’s track record, which was broken 46 days later, of such significance to merit being knighted?
4. Which of the following judicial doctrines were overturned by Brown v. Board of Education?
a. limits on executive privilege
b. separate but equal
c. equal protection of the law
d. right to privacy
5. The FBI files and tapes on the background and surveillance of Martin Luther King, Jr. have been sealed by court order until the year 2027. Why might that be so?
6. What judicial doctrine was expanded by the Roe v. Wade decision?
a. limits on executive privilege
b. separate but equal
c. equal protection of the law
d. right to privacy
7. What has been the greater cause of
destruction of life in the history of the
8. What changes were induced in the
9. For what is Spiro Agnew infamous?
10. What was particularly odd about the timing of the release of American hostages held for over a year in the Iranian embassy?
SS306
April 20, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. What is one of the conspiracy theories about the origin of AIDS?
2. What was oxymoronic about Solidarity in Poland?
3. Ronald Reagan is hailed by conservatives for reducing tax rates. Did he increase or decrease government revenue?
4. T or F The economy prospered and tax revenues increased during the Reagan administration so the government was able to pay off much of the national debt.
5. If Star Wars doesn’t mean the movies, what does it mean?
6. When the real estate market crashed (or the bubble popped) during the Reagan administration, what effect did it have on the savings and loan industry?
7. What happened first, the collapse of the Soviet Union or the fall of the Berlin Wall?
8. Why does Congressman Ron Paul say the US taxpayers are paying for the largest and most expensive embassy in the world to be built in Iraq?
9. What is the contradiction in attacking Iran to establish democracy?
10. What is the number of American casualties from the past three years in Iraq? (Choose the best answer)
a. over 2000
b. over 5000
c. over 10,000
d. over 20,000
Bonus: Would you characterize Ron Paul as loyal or disloyal to his political party, and why?
SS306
April 25, 2006
NAME _____________________________ SCORE ____________
Review Quiz
1. Why did the
a. The Reagan administration spent so much on defense that the Soviets could not afford to keep up with it
b. The Soviets succumbed to pressure
from the
c. The people of the
d. They felt bad because Reagan called them the evil empire, so they decided to change
2. Rank the following countries by the amount of prove oil reserves they have:
3. What percentage of the oil used in the
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 90%
4. What is strategically important about the Straits of Hormuz?
5. If
6. What did Saddam Hussein accuse
II. slant drilling into his territory
III. charging too much interest on his loans
IV. apostatizing from the faith
a. I and II
b. I and III
c. III and IV
d. I, II, III and IV
7. Who drew the borders of
8. What are the three main ethnic groups in
9. In 1953 there was only one Islamic democracy
in the Middle East and the
10. Where is the Shatt Al-Arab waterway?